Digestion, Absorption, and Metabolism of Carbohydrates Mind Map

 

Unraveling Carbohydrate Physiology: A Visual Guide to Digestion, Absorbtion and Metabolism

Embark on a comprehensive journey through the processes of digestion, absorption, and metabolism of carbohydrates with our detailed mind map. 

Explore the intricate steps involved in breaking down complex carbohydrates into simple sugars for energy production. 

Visualize the roles of enzymes, hormones, and the gastrointestinal tract in facilitating carbohydrate metabolism.

Here is the updated mind map with the added “Clinical Correlation” subbranch:

Central Idea: Digestion, Absorption, and Metabolism of Carbohydrates

Main Branches:

1. Digestion of Carbohydrates
2. Absorption of Carbohydrates
3. Metabolism of Carbohydrates
4. Clinical Correlation

Sub-Branches:

1. Digestion of Carbohydrates

• Mouth
  • Salivary amylase breaks down carbohydrates into maltose
  • Mechanical breakdown of food into smaller particles
• Stomach
  • No significant carbohydrate digestion occurs in the stomach
  • Gastric amylase is inactivated by stomach acid
• Small Intestine
  • Pancreatic amylase breaks down carbohydrates into maltose and dextrins
  • Brush border enzymes (e.g. maltase, sucrase, lactase) break down carbohydrates into monosaccharides

2. Absorption of Carbohydrates

• Small Intestine
  • Monosaccharides (e.g. glucose, fructose, galactose) are absorbed into the bloodstream through facilitated diffusion and active transport
  • Absorption occurs primarily in the proximal small intestine
• Bloodstream
  • Monosaccharides are transported to the liver via the hepatic portal vein

3. Metabolism of Carbohydrates

• Glycolysis
  • Glucose is converted into pyruvate in the cytoplasm of cells
  • ATP and NADH are generated
• Gluconeogenesis
  • Pyruvate is converted into glucose in the liver and kidneys
  • Occurs during fasting or low-carbohydrate diets
• Glycogen Synthesis
  • Glucose is converted into glycogen in the liver and muscles
  • Occurs during high-carbohydrate diets
• Glycogenolysis
  • Glycogen is broken down into glucose in the liver and muscles
  • Occurs during fasting or low-carbohydrate diets
• Pentose Phosphate Pathway
  • Glucose is converted into NADPH and pentoses in the cytoplasm of cells
  • Occurs in liver, adipose tissue, and red blood cells
• Glycolytic Pathway
  • Glucose is converted into pyruvate in the cytoplasm of cells
  • ATP and NADH are generated
• Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)
  • Pyruvate is converted into acetyl-CoA, which enters the citric acid cycle
  • ATP, NADH, and FADH2 are generated
• Electron Transport Chain
  • NADH and FADH2 are used to generate ATP in the mitochondria
  • ATP is generated through oxidative phosphorylation

4. Clinical Correlation

• Diabetes Mellitus
  • Impaired glucose metabolism and insulin signaling
  • Hyperglycemia, polyuria, polydipsia, and weight loss
• Hypoglycemia
  • Low blood glucose levels
  • Symptoms include shakiness, dizziness, and confusion
• Lactose Intolerance
  • Inability to digest lactose due to lactase deficiency
  • Symptoms include bloating, gas, and diarrhea
• Celiac Disease
  • Immune-mediated reaction to gluten
  • Symptoms include diarrhea, abdominal pain, and weight loss
• Glycogen Storage Diseases
  • Inherited disorders of glycogen metabolism
  • Examples include von Gierke’s disease and Pompe’s disease

This updated mind map includes a new branch on “Clinical Correlation”, which highlights the clinical relevance of carbohydrate digestion, absorption, and metabolism. 

It includes various diseases and disorders related to carbohydrate metabolism, such as diabetes mellitus, hypoglycemia, lactose intolerance, celiac disease, and glycogen storage diseases.